Level of Driving Automation
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Role of User
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Role of Driving Automation System
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DRIVER PERFORMS PART OF ALL OF THE DDT
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Level 0 - No Driving Automation
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Driver (at all times):
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Driving Automation System (if any):
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Level 1 - Driver Assistance
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Driver (at all times):
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Performs the remainder of the DDT not performed by the driving automation system
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Supervises the driving automation system and intervenes as necessary to maintain safe operation of the vehicle
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Determines whether/when engagement or disengagement of the driving automation system is appropriate
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Immediately performs the entire DDT whenever required or desired
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Driving Automation System (while engaged):
- Performs part of the DDT by executing either the longitudinal or the lateral vehicle motion control subtask
- Disengages immediately upon driver request
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Level 2 - Partial Driving Automation
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Driver (at all times):
- Performs the remainder of the DDT not performed by the driving automation system
- Supervises the driving automation system and intervenes as necessary to maintain safe operation of the vehicle
- Determines whether/when engagement and disengagement of the driving automation system is appropriate
- Immediately performs the entire DDT whenever required or desired
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Driving Automation System (while engaged):
- Performs part of the DDT by executing both the lateral and the longitudinal vehicle motion control subtasks
- Disengages immediately upon driver request
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ADS PERFORMS THE ENTIRE DDT WHILE ENGAGED |
Level 3 - Conditional Driving Automation |
Driver (while the ADS is not engaged):
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Verifies operational readiness of the ADS-equipped vehicle
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Determines when engagement of ADS is appropriate
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Becomes the DDT fallback-ready user when the ADS is engaged
DDT fallback-ready user (while the ADS is engaged):
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Is receptive to a request to intervene and responds by performing DDT fallback in a timely manner
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Is receptive to DDT performance-relevant system failures in vehicle systems and, upon occurrence, performs DDT fallback in a timely manner
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Determines whether and how to achieve a minimal risk condition
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Becomes the driver upon requesting disengagement of the ADS
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ADS (while not engaged):
ADS (while engaged):
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Performs the entire DDT
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Determines whether ODD limits are about to be exceeded and, if so, issues a timely request to intervene to the DDT fallback-ready user
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Determines whether there is a DDT performance-relevant system failure of the ADS and, if so, issues a timely request to intervene to the DDT fallback-ready user
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Disengages an appropriate time after issuing a request to intervene
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Disengages immediately upon driver request
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Level 4 - High Driving Automation
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Driver/dispatcher (while the ADS is not engaged):
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Verifies operational readiness of the ADS-equipped vehicle1
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Determines whether to engage the ADS
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Becomes a passenger when the ADS is engaged only if physically present in the vehicle
Passenger/dispatcher (while the ADS is engaged):
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Need not perform the DDT or DDT fallback
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Need not determine whether and how to achieve a minimal risk condition
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May perform the DDT fallback following a request to intervene
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May request that the ADS disengage and may achieve a minimal risk condition after it is disengaged
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May become the driver after a requested disengagement
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ADS (while not engaged):
ADS (while engaged):
- A DDT performance-relevant system failure occurs or
- A user does not respond to a request to intervene or
- A user requests that it achieve a minimal risk condition
- It achieves a minimal risk condition or
- A driver is performing the DDT
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Level 5 - Full Driving Automation |
Driver/dispatcher (while the ADS is not engaged):
- Verifies operational readiness of the ADS-equipped vehicle2
- Determines whether to engage the ADS
- Becomes a passenger when the ADS is engaged only if physically present in the vehicle
Passenger/dispatcher (while the ADS is engaged):
- Need not perform the DDT or DDT fallback
- Need not determine whether and how to achieve a minimal risk condition
- May perform the DDT fallback following a request to intervene
- May request that the ADS disengage and may achieve a minimal risk condition after it is disengaged
- May become the driver after a requested disengagement
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ADS (while not engaged):
- Permits engagement of the ADS under all driver-manageable on-road conditions
ADS (while engaged):
- Performs the entire DDT
- Performs DDT fallback and transitions automatically to a minimal risk condition when:
- A DDT performance-relevant system failure occurs or
- A user does not respond to a request to intervene or
- A user requests that it achieve a minimal risk condition
- Disengages, if appropriate, only after:
- It achieves a minimal risk condition or
- A driver is performing the DDT
- May delay a user-requested disengagement
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